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                    <text> Hendrik Casimir I van Nassau-Dietz</text>
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                    <text>Wybrand de Geest</text>
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                    <text>Rijksmuseum Amsterdam</text>
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                    <text>c. 1632</text>
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                    <text>Portrait of Hendrik Casimir I van Nassau-Dietz</text>
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                    <text> http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.8466</text>
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                    <text>Linen shirt probably worn by Hendrik Casimir van Nassau-Dietz when he was deadly injured at the Battle of Hulst in 1640</text>
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                    <text>Piece of fabric</text>
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                    <text> http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.1775</text>
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                    <text>Piece of bone removed from the wound in Hendrik Casimir's hip when he was deadly injured at the Battle of Hulst in 1640</text>
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                    <text> http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.233755</text>
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                <text> Hendrik Casimir I van Nassau-Dietz</text>
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                    <text>Portrait of Albertine Agnes van Oranje-Nassau with her children</text>
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                    <text>Abraham van den Tempel</text>
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                    <text>Fries Museum, Leeuwarden</text>
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                    <text>1668</text>
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                  <text>Publication in the EMLO union catalogue of the correspondences of six wives of seventeenth-century Stadtholders provides access for the very first time to a combined corpus of c. 3,550 letters and offers an unprecedented opportunity to analyze female power and influence in the political circles of the Dutch Republic at the Orange and Stuart courts in The Hague and their regional counterpart the Frisian court in Leeuwarden. This section of the exhibition provides individual introductory text for each stadtholder’s wife.</text>
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                  <text>Ineke Huysman, Huygens ING</text>
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              <text>1634</text>
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              <text>1696</text>
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              <text>Wife of Willem Frederik van Nassau-Dietz, stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe; daughter of Frederick Hendrik van Oranje-Nassau and Amalia von Solms-Braunfels.</text>
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              <text>&lt;ul&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;A. M. Backer, &lt;em&gt;Er stond een vrouw in de tuin. Over de rol van vrouwen in het Nederlandse landschap&lt;/em&gt; (Rotterdam, 2016).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;M. Bruggeman and A. P. van Nienes, eds, &lt;em&gt;Archieven van de Friese stadhouders. Inventarissen van de archieven van de Friese stadhouders van Willem Lodewijk tot en met Willem V, 1584–1795&lt;/em&gt; (Hilversum, 2002).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;S. Groenveld, ‘Nassau contra Oranje in de 17de eeuwse Republiek’, &lt;em&gt;Jaarboek Oranje-Nassau Museum&lt;/em&gt; (1997), pp. 11–53.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;A. A. Kleijn, &lt;em&gt;De stadhouders van Friesland uit het Huis van Nassau&lt;/em&gt; (Nijkerk, 1904).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;G. H. Janssen, &lt;em&gt;Creaturen van macht. Patronage bij Willem Frederik van Nassau (1613–1664)&lt;/em&gt; (Amsterdam, 2005).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;L. Kooijmans, &lt;em&gt;Liefde in opdracht. Het hofleven van Willem Frederik van Nassau&lt;/em&gt; (Amsterdam, 2000).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;R. Mulder-Radetzky, ‘Huizen van Albertine Agnes’, in S. Groenveld, J. J. Huizinga and&amp;nbsp;Y. B. Kuiper, eds, &lt;em&gt;Nassau uit de schaduw van Oranje&lt;/em&gt; (Franeker, 2003), pp. 99–112.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Johanna Naber and L. de Neve, &lt;em&gt;De vorstinnen van het Huis van Oranje-Nassau&lt;/em&gt; (Haarlem, 1898).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;F. Storto, &lt;em&gt;Oranienstein. Barockschloss an der Lahn&lt;/em&gt; (Koblenz, 1994).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;J. Visser, ‘De Friese stadhouders, De Witt en de Unie’, in J. J. Kalma and K. de Vries, eds, &lt;em&gt;Friesland in het rampjaar 1672. It jier fan de miste kânsen&lt;/em&gt; (Leeuwarden, 1972), pp. 73–91.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;J. Visser, ed., &lt;em&gt;Gloria Parendi,&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Dagboeken van Willem Frederik, stadhouder van Friesland, Groningen en Drenthe, 1643–1649, 1651–1654&lt;/em&gt; (The Hague, 1995).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;A daughter of Stadtholder Frederik Hendrik van Oranje-Nassau and his wife Amalia von Solms-Braunfels, Albertine Agnes van Oranje-Nassau was the first member of&amp;nbsp;the Oranje-Nassau dynasty to marry into&amp;nbsp;the family of Nassau-Dietz. Following&amp;nbsp;the death of her husband, the Frisian Stadtholder Willem Frederik (1613–1664), and until the coming-of-age&amp;nbsp;of her son Hendrik Casimir II (1657–1696), Albertine Agnes became the first female ruler to assume&amp;nbsp;the stadtholdership as regent, and her extensive correspondence throughout&amp;nbsp;this period is testament to her work in this role.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Albertine’s son Hendrik Casimir suffered from poor&amp;nbsp;health. He&amp;nbsp;was also short-tempered and, as a consequence, lacked diplomatic skills. Albertine, who was acutely aware of her son’s failings, continued to make&amp;nbsp;frequent interventions on his behalf. The continuous rivalry between Hendrik Casimir and his cousin Stadtholder-King Willem III caused strained internal relations within the House of Nassau, something Albertine, in her role as mediator, also worked to improve.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Albertine Agnes was widely known as the patron —&amp;nbsp;a &lt;em&gt;Maecenas&amp;nbsp;—&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;of a number of&amp;nbsp;large architectural projects, as well as&amp;nbsp;a passionate collector of paintings and &lt;em&gt;objects d’art&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/AlbertineAgnes"&gt;Vrouwenlexicon&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/60027133"&gt;VIAF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1)</text>
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                <text>A daughter of Stadtholder Frederik Hendrik van Oranje-Nassau and his wife Amalia von Solms-Braunfels, Albertine Agnes van Oranje-Nassau was the first member of the Oranje-Nassau dynasty to marry into the family of Nassau-Dietz.</text>
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              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="21">
                  <text>The correspondence displayed here showcases examples of the different types of letter sent and received by six of the Dutch and Frisian stadtholders' wives between the years 1605 and 1726.</text>
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                  <text>Ineke Huysman, Huygens ING</text>
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              <name>Source</name>
              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="908">
                  <text>Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="909">
                  <text>Koninklijke Verzamelingen, Den Haag</text>
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      <name>Letter</name>
      <description>Epistolary metadata adapted from EMLO for the Stadtholder's Wives exhibition.</description>
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          <name>Sender</name>
          <description>Sender of a letter</description>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/person/3064ff5a-9f95-41ed-81a3-3cfe1f91b784"&gt;Albertine Agnes van Oranje-Nassau&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <name>Recipient</name>
          <description>Recipient of a letter</description>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/person/b8b7e427-5e14-4de8-9d32-8956315a0eb8"&gt;Johan de Witt&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <name>Transcription</name>
          <description>Any written text transcribed from a sound</description>
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              <text>Mijnheere,&#13;
&#13;
Soo haest ick mijn met overmaatige droeffheit overstolpt gemoet eenigsintz hebb connen afftrecken van de droevige contemplatie van het aldergrootste ongeluck dat mij in deese werelt conde overcommen, soo hebbe ick onder de brieven van wijlen de heere Prince Wilhelm Frederic van Nassau, mijn hertgelieffde gemahl, Christ. ende hoochs. gedachtenisse, cortz voor zijnen doodt geschreven, onder anderen oock vindende die van Uw Ed., in dato den 25 der voorleden maent, niet connen ledich staen, deselve mitz deesen te betuygen, hoe gevoelich ick van de affectie, dewelcke ick daerin ende oock andersintz deurgans hebbe bespeurt, dat Uw Ed. denselven altoos heeft toegedragen.&#13;
Ende off ick mij dienvolgende wel van zijn goetheit betoone dat Uw Ed. aen mijn eenigste soontje Henrick Casimir, Furst tot Nassau, stadthouder van deese provinciën, soodane zijne genegentheid sall gelieven te continueeren,</text>
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              <text>soo heb ick oock ten overvloede Uw Ed. daerom mitz deesen gedienst ende serieuselijck wel willen versoecken met verseeckeringe dat welgem. mijn vriendelijl[ijcken] lieve zoontje tot zijn jaaeren van discretie gecommen zijnde, niet en sall in gebrecke blijven van sulcke aen hem beweesen faveur met schuldige danckbarheit t'erkennen. Ende wat ick middelerwijle sall connen contribueeren tot Uw E. particuliere vernoegingen, mitzgaders tot uytwerckinge van Haer Ed. Gro. Moo. salutaire intentiën, daertoe sall ick altoos blijde zijn dat mij occasie mooge aen de handt gegeven worden. &#13;
In welcker verwachtinge bevehle Uw Ed. in Godts heilige protectie, &#13;
Leeuwarden den 29 october/8 november 1664, Uw dienstwillige,&#13;
Albertine, P. d'Orange </text>
            </elementText>
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          <name>Origin</name>
          <description>Origin of a letter</description>
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              <text>Leeuwarden</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="55">
          <name>Destination</name>
          <description>Destination of a letter</description>
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              <text>The Hague</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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          <name>Letter Type</name>
          <description>MS Manifestation</description>
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              <text>MS Letter</text>
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          <name>EMLO Catalogue</name>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/work/49d8546b-a114-4612-8c3f-322cdc66b5eb"&gt;Letter Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Albertine Agnes van Oranje-Nassau to Johan de Witt</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>8 November 1664</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>On 31 October 1664 Willem Frederik van Nassau-Dietz, stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe, and husband of Albertine Agnes, died of the injuries sustained when his own gun went off accidentally and destroyed the lower part of his face. After the accident, Willem Frederick lived for several days and during this period wrote several letters, mainly to secure the position of his seven-year old son and successor, Hendrik Casimir. One of these letters was to Grandpensionary Johan de Witt (1625–1672). Apparently De Witt responded by expressing his sympathies, because Albertine Agnes referred to this in the letter we show here, which was written shortly after her husband's death. Five letters from Albertine Agnes to Johan de Witt survive, each on the subject of the securement of her son's position.</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Dutch</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="952">
                <text>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="953">
                <text>Archief Johan de Witt [uncatalogued; provisional no. 9540, 1]</text>
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                  <text>Letters</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>The correspondence displayed here showcases examples of the different types of letter sent and received by six of the Dutch and Frisian stadtholders' wives between the years 1605 and 1726.</text>
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                  <text>Ineke Huysman, Huygens ING</text>
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              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                  <text>Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag</text>
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      <description>Epistolary metadata adapted from EMLO for the Stadtholder's Wives exhibition.</description>
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        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Sender</name>
          <description>Sender of a letter</description>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/person/3064ff5a-9f95-41ed-81a3-3cfe1f91b784"&gt;Albertine Agnes van Oranje-Nassau&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <name>Recipient</name>
          <description>Recipient of a letter</description>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/person/9be5563d-df20-4dc3-bf75-9be0a05d606c"&gt;Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <name>Origin</name>
          <description>Origin of a letter</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Leeuwarden</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="55">
          <name>Destination</name>
          <description>Destination of a letter</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="411">
              <text>Muiden</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="57">
          <name>EMLO Catalogue</name>
          <description>Direct link to EMLO catalogue</description>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/work/d4278100-e77f-43e2-a523-abed58040e0e"&gt;Letter Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <name>Letter Type</name>
          <description>MS Manifestation</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="753">
              <text>MS Letter</text>
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          <name>Transcription</name>
          <description>Any written text transcribed from a sound</description>
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              <text>No transcript</text>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="320">
                <text>Albertine Agnes van Oranje-Nassau to Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="321">
                <text>Detail of a letter from Albertine Agnes van Oranje-Nassau with an original signature.</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>24 December 1672</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="750">
                <text>Dutch</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="946">
                <text>Koninklijke Verzamelingen, Den Haag&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="947">
                <text>A04-1476k-9</text>
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              <element elementId="50">
                <name>Title</name>
                <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <elementText elementTextId="131">
                    <text>Amalia von Solms-Braunfels as Diana</text>
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                <name>Creator</name>
                <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                    <text>Gerard van Honthorst</text>
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                    <text>c. 1632</text>
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                    <text>inv.no. SC/1414</text>
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                <name>Rights</name>
                <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                    <text>Koninklijke Verzamelingen, Den Haag</text>
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                    <text>Rijksmuseum Amsterdam</text>
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                  <text>Publication in the EMLO union catalogue of the correspondences of six wives of seventeenth-century Stadtholders provides access for the very first time to a combined corpus of c. 3,550 letters and offers an unprecedented opportunity to analyze female power and influence in the political circles of the Dutch Republic at the Orange and Stuart courts in The Hague and their regional counterpart the Frisian court in Leeuwarden. This section of the exhibition provides individual introductory text for each stadtholder’s wife.</text>
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&lt;li&gt;Nadine Akkerman,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Courtly Rivals in The Hague. Elizabeth Stuart &amp;amp; Amalia von Solms&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Venlo, 2014).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Saskia Beranek,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Power of the Portrait: Production, Consumption and Display of Portraits of Amalia van Solms in the Dutch Republic&lt;/em&gt;, unpublished PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 2013.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;J. N. Fernhout,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Eindelijk weer samen. Inventaris van de archieven van stadhouder Willem II en Amalia van Solms en enige verwanten&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(The Hague, 2012).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Ineke Huysman and Ad Leerintveld, ‘New perspectives of the digitized correspondence of Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687)’,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dutch Crossing,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;38, 3 (2014), pp. 244–58.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Marika Keblusek and Jori Zijlmans, eds,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Princely Display: The Court of Frederik Hendrik of Orange and Amalia van Solms in The Hague&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Zwolle and The Hague, 1997; translation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vorstelijk Vertoon&lt;/em&gt;, 1997).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Peter van der Ploeg and Carola Vermeeren, eds,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Princely Patrons: The Collection of Frederick Henry of Orange and Amalia of Solms&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Zwolle and The Hague, 1997; translation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vorstelijk Verzameld&lt;/em&gt;, 1997).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
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&#13;
Amalia’s position allowed her to act as patroness of the arts and thus exert great influence over the development of a new court culture in The Hague. She also played a major role in the arranged marriages of her children and grandchildren, with her eldest son, Stadtholder Willem II van Oranje-Nassau (1625–1640), marrying Mary Stuart, Princess Royal (1631–1660), and her grandson, Stadtholder Willem III (1650–1702), the future king William III of England, marrying Mary Stuart II (1662–1694) (Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland). In addition, Amalia exercised great political influence over her husband and the impact of this continued to be felt in Dutch international relations even after his death. Although she held no formal position, her political weight was recognized by ambassadors, governors, and princely rulers alike.&#13;
&#13;
While much of her correspondence has been lost, the letters that survive are primarily those exchanged between Amalia and her secretary Constantijn Huygens, who over a number of years reported daily on the health and mood of her husband and on progress in both military and political affairs. Following the death of Frederik Hendrik, Huygens remained in the service of the Oranje-Nassau family and in this position he corresponded frequently with Amalia, including with regard to the negotiations on the Principality of Oranje and about the tutelage of her grandson Willem III. Recently discovered sources — Amalia’s correspondence with Huygens and her archives in Dessau — have been described as ‘a political biography waiting to be written’. [Akkerman, 2014, p. 103]&#13;
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              <text>4 September 1596</text>
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              <text>28 March 1687</text>
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              <text>Dutch Golden Age poet and composer. He was secretary to two Princes of Orange: Frederick Henry and William II.</text>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
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                <text>Constantijn Huygens </text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12442894/"&gt;VIAF&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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        <src>http://emlo-portal.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/exhibition/sw/files/original/679380094680c3ef8e181db20ed09fa0.jpg</src>
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                    <text>Constantijn Huygens to Amalia von Solms-Braunfels</text>
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                    <text>Constantijn Huygens</text>
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                    <text>Koninklijke Verzamelingen, Den Haag</text>
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                    <text>27 September 1633</text>
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                    <text>Koninklijke Verzamelingen, Den Haag</text>
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                    <text>French</text>
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                    <text>MS letter</text>
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                <name>Identifier</name>
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                    <text>A14a-XIII-18c-1</text>
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                  <text>Letters</text>
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                  <text>The correspondence displayed here showcases examples of the different types of letter sent and received by six of the Dutch and Frisian stadtholders' wives between the years 1605 and 1726.</text>
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                  <text>Ineke Huysman, Huygens ING</text>
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                  <text>Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag</text>
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              <text>Madame,&#13;
&#13;
Les petits papiers sont tousjours de saison: car ici il n’y a que les poètes qui en pourroyent remplir de grands: les historiens ne le sçauroyent en conscience. Car certainement il n’y a rien ici d’importance et véritable, sinon que Mess. les députés Terestein, Kruyt et Walta revindrent hier au soir bien tard, et aujourd'huy matin se sont trouvés en conférence aveq Monseigneur le Prince, qui ce mesme jour à commencé à donner ordre pour le remuement de l’armée, laquelle nous croyons qu’il fera marcher après-demain. Pour le chemin qu’elle tiendra, je sçay bien que Votre Altesse n’en attend point la particularité, ni de mon debvoir, ni de mon ignorance. Je demeureray donc toujours dans l’histoire du passé, et n’en trouvant plus aucune ici depuis mes dernières, vous supplieray de me permettre encor l’honneur de me dire Madame de Votre Altesse, le plus humble obéissant et fidèle serviteur, C.H. &#13;
&#13;
Au camp à Dommelen, le 27e sept. 1633</text>
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          <name>Sender</name>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/person/69f002da-1994-418d-9cc4-d8d544d64121"&gt;Constantijn Huygens&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/person/41d626f5-d98b-4e78-a67f-0138c655dafd"&gt;Amalia von Solms-Braunfels&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Dommelen</text>
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              <text>Unknown</text>
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          <description>MS Manifestation</description>
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              <text>Original letter</text>
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          <name>EMLO Catalogue</name>
          <description>Direct link to EMLO catalogue</description>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/work/ce61d123-5d06-4012-bd0c-2d983461c7a7"&gt;EMLO Letter Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Constantijn Huygens to Amalia von Solms-Braunfels</text>
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                <text>27 September 1633</text>
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                <text>This letter is an exquisite example of one of the small — in terms of size — letters Constantijn wrote to Amalia. Such minute and discrete letters were written during the military campaigns in which Constantijn reported frequently to Amalia regarding developments on the battlefield and concerning the wellbeing of her husband Frederik Hendrik van Oranje-Nassau. In this particular letter, Huygens announces that Frederik Hendrik has given orders to his army to break camp.</text>
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                <text>Koninklijke Verzamelingen, Den Haag&#13;
</text>
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                <text>A14a-XIII-18c-1</text>
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