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                    <text>Mary Stuart (Princess Royal and Princess of Orange)</text>
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                    <text>Gerard van Honthorst</text>
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                    <text>1648</text>
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                    <text>inv.no. SC/0041</text>
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                  <text>Publication in the EMLO union catalogue of the correspondences of six wives of seventeenth-century Stadtholders provides access for the very first time to a combined corpus of c. 3,550 letters and offers an unprecedented opportunity to analyze female power and influence in the political circles of the Dutch Republic at the Orange and Stuart courts in The Hague and their regional counterpart the Frisian court in Leeuwarden. This section of the exhibition provides individual introductory text for each stadtholder’s wife.</text>
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              <text>Princess Royal; Princess of Orange; consort of Willem II; daughter of Charles I (1600–1649) and Henrietta Maria (1609–1669); mother of Willem [William] III, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1650–1702).</text>
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              <text>&lt;ul&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;T. Birch, ed., &lt;em&gt;A collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe&lt;/em&gt; (London, 1742).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;M. E. Everett Green, &lt;em&gt;Lives of the princesses of England&lt;/em&gt; (London, 1855), vol. 6, pp. 100–334.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;P. Geyl, &lt;em&gt;Oranje en Stuart, 1641–1672&lt;/em&gt; (Zeist, 1963).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Theod. Jorissen, ‘Amalia van Solms en Maria Stuart’, in Theod. Jorissen, ed., &lt;em&gt;Historische Bladen&lt;/em&gt; (Haarlem, 1889), vol. 1, pp. 43–79.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;S. Groenveld, &lt;em&gt;Verlopend getij: de Nederlandse Republiek en de Engelse burgeroorlog 1640–1646&lt;/em&gt; (Dieren, 1984).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Marika Keblusek, ‘A divertissiment of little plays. Theater aan de Haagse hoven van Elizabeth van Bohemen en Mary Stuart’, in Jan de Jongste, Juliette Roding, and&amp;nbsp;Boukje Thijs, eds, &lt;em&gt;Vermaak van de elite in de vroegmoderne tijd&lt;/em&gt; (Hilversum 1999), pp. 190–202.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Thomas Manley,&lt;em&gt; A short view of the lives of those illustrious princes, Henry, duke of Gloucester, and Mary&lt;/em&gt; (London, 1661).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Alison Plowden, &lt;em&gt;The Stuart princesses&lt;/em&gt; (Stroud, 1996).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;J. Visser, ed., &lt;em&gt;Gloria Parendi. Dagboeken van Willem Frederik, stadhouder van Friesland, Groningen en Drenthe, 1643–1649, 1651–1654&lt;/em&gt; (The Hague, 1995).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;In 1641, at the age of ten, Mary — the eldest daughter of the Stuart king Charles I — married Willem II van Oranje-Nassau (1626–1650). Following&amp;nbsp;the death of his father,&amp;nbsp;Frederik Hendrik, in 1647, Willem succeeded as stadtholder and&amp;nbsp;Mary&amp;nbsp;received the title of Princess of Orange [Oranje].&amp;nbsp;Mary had a poor relationship with her mother-in-law, Amalia von Solms-Braunfels, in particular following&amp;nbsp;the death of Willem. At this point the two women fought over the custody of Mary’s&amp;nbsp;newborn son Willem III, the future stadtholder-king, as well as over the regency of&amp;nbsp;the Princedom of Orange.&amp;nbsp;When Charles Stuart regained the British throne in 1660, Mary followed her brother to London&amp;nbsp;where he was crowned Charles II. She died there of smallpox shortly thereafter.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;While much of Mary’s correspondence remains&amp;nbsp;to be collated, most of the letters currently&amp;nbsp;in this catalogue are copies of her outgoing letters, collected and written in the hand of her secretary &lt;a href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/person/4865ac77-5fa0-4a7f-9220-9985708d513e"&gt;Nicolaas Oudart&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>In 1641, at the age of ten, Mary — the eldest daughter of the Stuart king Charles I — married Willem II van Oranje-Nassau (1626–1650). Following the death of his father, Frederik Hendrik, in 1647, Willem succeeded as stadholder and Mary received the title of Princess of Orange [Oranje]. </text>
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              <text>Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland; daughter of James II (1633–1701) and Anne Hyde (1637–1671); Princess of Orange.</text>
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              <text>&lt;ul&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;M. Bentink, ed., &lt;em&gt;Lettres et Mémoires de Marie Reine d’Angleterre, Épouse de Guillaume III&lt;/em&gt; (The Hague, 1880).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;M. Bowen, &lt;em&gt;The third Mary Stuart. Mary of York, Orange &amp;amp; England&lt;/em&gt; (London, 1929).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;T. Claydon, &lt;em&gt;William III and the Godly Revolution&lt;/em&gt; (Cambridge, 1996).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;R. Fruin, ‘Maria de gemalin van Prins Willem III’, &lt;em&gt;Verspreide geschriften,&lt;/em&gt; 5 (The Hague, 1902).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;E. Gregg, &lt;em&gt;Queen Anne&lt;/em&gt; (London, 1980).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;E. Hamilton, &lt;em&gt;William’s Mary. A biography of Mary II&lt;/em&gt; (London, 1972).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;N. Japikse, &lt;em&gt;Prins Willem III. De stadhouder-koning&lt;/em&gt;, 2 vols&amp;nbsp;(Amsterdam, 1930–3).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;F. J. L. Krämer, &lt;em&gt;Maria II Stuart. Gemalin van Willem den Derden&lt;/em&gt; (Utrecht, 1890).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;J. W. A. Naber, ‘Maria van Engeland 1662–1694’, in &lt;em&gt;De vorstinnen van het Huis van Oranje-Nassau&lt;/em&gt; (Haarlem, 1898).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;R. P. Maccubbin and M. Hamilton-Phillips, eds, &lt;em&gt;The Age of William III and Mary II: Power, Politics and Patronage&lt;/em&gt; (Williamsburg, 1989).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;L. Schwoerer, ed., &lt;em&gt;The Revolution of 1688–1689: Changing Perspectives&lt;/em&gt; (Cambridge, 1992).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;W. Troost, &lt;em&gt;William III the Stadholder-king: A Political Biography&lt;/em&gt; (Farnham,&amp;nbsp;2005).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;M. Waller, &lt;em&gt;Ungrateful Daughters: the Stuart Princesses Who Stole Their Father’s Crown&lt;/em&gt; (London, 2002).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;H. and B. van der Zee, &lt;em&gt;William and Mary&lt;/em&gt; (London, 1973).&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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              <text>Mary was a daughter of the Stuart king James II of England, Scotland, and Ireland and his first wife Anne Hyde. As a result of her marriage in 1677 to her cousin, Stadtholder Willem III of Oranje-Nassau, she became Princess of Orange [Oranje] and Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1689. Through her support of the intervention of Willem III in English politics and her role in England following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Mary helped shape the history of both the Dutch Republic and England: the revolution in England proved to be sustainable and the alliance of the Dutch Republic with England was to forge an important buffer against the French.&#13;
&#13;
The combination of an unsettled childhood, an early marriage to an all-too-infrequently accessible husband that propelled her into an unfamiliar environment, several miscarriages which resulted in childlessness, and conflicts with her Catholic father made her private life particularly stressful. During politically turbulent times, however, Mary transformed from a mentally fragile young woman into a strong and forceful personality. She found both protection and guidance within the Protestant faith, and diverted herself with creative pastimes such as architecture and garden design.&#13;
&#13;
While the metadata of much of her correspondence remains to be collated, the majority of the letters at present in this catalogue were received by Mary during the period between 1677 and 1689 when she lived in the Dutch Republic.</text>
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